In search for the truth midway between contradictions I continue my questioning: What is that proud feeling of being unique, of being an individual in mankind - that is a developing whole for certain - of which one is a part, based on?
I consult Greek mythology again, this time the Prometheus-Saga. In the Prometheus-Saga the becoming independent of mankind is described in a different way from the Persephone-Saga. In the Prometheus-Saga the becoming independent has a mankind-character. Prometheus is a son of the Titans. He takes responsibility for the independence of mankind. The Greek tragedy writer Aeschylus writes in his drama, ‘Prometheus unbound' (Prometheus talks here himself):
‘First of all, though they had eyes to see, they saw to no avail; they had ears, but they did not understand ; but, just as shapes in dreams, throughout their length of days, without purpose they wrought all things in confusion. They had neither knowledge of houses built of bricks and turned to face the sun nor yet of work in wood; but dwelt beneath the ground like swarming ants, in sunless caves. They had no sign either of winter or of flowery spring or of fruitful summer, on which they could depend but managed everything without judgment, until I taught them to discern the risings of the stars and their settings, which are difficult to distinguish.Yes, and numbers, too, chiefest of sciences, I invented for them, and the combining of letters, creative mother of the Muses' arts, with which to hold all things in memory. I, too, first brought brute beasts beneath the yoke to be subject to the collar and the pack-saddle, so that they might bear in men's stead their heaviest burdens; and to the chariot I harnessed horses and made them obedient to the rein, to be an image of wealth and luxury. It was I and no one else who invented the mariner's flaxen-winged car that roams the sea.’He was the teacher in the first principles of medicine, also the principles of prophecy on the hand of signs in nature, he taught people to read dreams and gave them much more. Like he himself says: ‘What man knows, he learned it from Prometheus!’
Prometheus stole the fire from heaven and gave it to man. He took the hollow branch of a giant fennel and approached the Suncar that was passing by. Zeus did not see it, because he was busy with thunder and lightning somewhere else. Prometheus carried the burning branch, long, hollow and not extinguishing, quickly to earth and lit a great fire with it. The fire that never gets tired came to earth like that and Prometheus taught man how to use it to his advantage.
Zeus saw the light of the fire on the earth from above and kindled in a terrible divine anger. This deed of Prometheus, by which mankind found independence, had great consequences for Prometheus himself and for mankind as a whole. Prometheus was chained to a rock of the Caucasus by order of Zeus – for ever – where he had to endure an eagle picking his liver in the beaming sun during daytime. On sunset, when it became dark, the wound healed again, to be opened up again by the eagle the next day… Because Prometheus was a god, he was immortal and his suffering was endless. At last – after ten thousands of years – he was released by Hercules, through the intercession of Apollo and Artemis, who pleaded for him with Zeus, and Zeus ceded…
Mankind on the other hand was punished by sending Pandora to earth with a box, which was filled with misery from which mankind had to suffer. Goethe has described it beautifully in his play ‘Pandora’, how Prometheus – the one who is the ‘thinker in advance’, the one who knows what will happen next – had a brother, Epimetheus, the one who is the ‘thinker afterwards’. Epimetheus always lags on the facts, because he can only think about something when it has already happened, has become a fact.
Prometheus warned his brother for the anger of Zeus, he warned him that Zeus would send evil to the earth, but Epimetheus did not see evil in Pandora. She was the one who is 'all-gifted', she was shaped by the Gods, and she came to seduce Epimetheus. He allowed it and… opened was Pandora’s Box. Out of the box came all the worries about existence - but also the hope that things will turn out right again one day…
Jan Cossiers - Prometeo trayendo el fuego, 1637Prometheus by Mieke Mosmuller